From Nothing
Physicists,
astrophysicists, geophysicists, astrobiologists,
astronomers,
cosmologists . . . all of them
state
it like it’s clear, obvious,
irrefutable
– in the beginning
of
the universe there was nothing, nothing at all,
no
space, no time, no matter, no energy, only emptiness.
Then
suddenly out of the darkness
out
of nowhere for no reason
like
someone flipping a switch
an infinitesimally small speck of something-or-other
appeared
then immediately exploded
into
the Big Bang BOOM!!!
And
the universe – everything there is
or
was or ever shall be –
spiral
galaxies, dwarf stars, planets, comets, asteroids,
black
holes, quasars, quarks, dark matter, neutrinos,
gravitons,
photons, mesons, and the Higgs Boson –
was
formed just like that, from nothing,
absolutely
nothing.
Seriously?
The Big Bang Theory -- Dana Wodak
In 1922 Aleksandr Fridman proposed his theory that the universe is expanding, governed by a set of equations known as the Fridman equations, and in 1924 he described its positive, zero, and negative curvature possibilities. In 1927 the Belgian priest/astronomer Georges Lemaître cane to the same conclusions, based on his analysis of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity; he also provided an estimate of what became known as Hubble's constant. (Einstein told him, "Your calculations are correct, but your physics is atrocious"). Edwin Hubble published a more accurate value for the speed of expansion in 1929, causing Einstein to abandon his theory that the size of the universe is static, calling it his "biggest mistake." In 1931 Lemaître proposed his "hypothesis of the primeval atom," an initial point from which the universe had expanded. (In 1949 Fred Hoyle, who supported the rival "steady state universe" theory, dismissed Lemaître's ideas as "the Big Bang Theory.") Astronomers continued to refine the theory, which became the prevailing cosmological model,particularly after the 1964 discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background. According to the standard Lambda Cold Dark Matter model (Lambda is a cosmological constant associated with dark energy), a period of very high density came into existence, leading to the creation of subatomic particles including protons, neutrons, and electrons, and within 3 minutes atomic nuclei. After thousands of years electrically neutral atoms formed, beginning with hydrogen and then helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized either within stars or during supernovae.
ReplyDeleteIn 1964 Peter Higgs and other physicists theorized a mechanism to explain why particles have mass (the Higgs mechanism), which implied a new elementary particle (the Higgs boson). In 1993 Leon M. Lederman, who won the 1988 Nobel Prize for his research on neutrinos, and science writer Dick Teresi published "The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?" in which he explained why he gave the Higgs boson its popular name (which Higgs strongly dislikes because of its sensationalism): "This boson is so central to the state of physics today, so crucial to our final understanding of the structure of matter, yet so elusive, that I have given it a nickname: the God Particle. Why God Particle? Two reasons. One, the publisher wouldn't let us call it the Goddamn Particle, though that might be a more appropriate title, given its villainous nature and the expense it is causing. And two, there is a connection, of sorts, to another book, a much older one [the Book of Genesis about the Judeo-Christian account of God's creation of the universe]." At Meyrin, Switzerland, CERN (Conseil européen pour la recherche nucléaire) the existence of the boson was finally demonstrated in 2012. Higgs and 2 others were awarded Nobels the following year.
ReplyDeletethe European Organization for Nuclear Research)
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